Scientific References

Our formula is backed by scientific research. Below are the peer-reviewed studies supporting the effectiveness of our key ingredients for cognitive health and memory support.

Research Studies

  1. 1. "The Role of Ginkgo Biloba in Cognitive Function and Memory Enhancement"

    Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. — Human Psychopharmacology, 2000

  2. 2. "Phosphatidylserine Supplementation: Its Impact on Memory and Cognitive Function"

    Jorissen BL, et al. — Nutrition, 2001

  3. 3. "N-Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Clinical Evidence for Its Benefits in Cognitive Health and Memory"

    Montgomery SA, et al. — International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2003

  4. 4. "St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and Its Effects on Mood and Cognitive Performance"

    Schulz V — Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 2002

  5. 5. "The Role of L-Glutamine in Supporting Cognitive Function and Brain Health"

    Newsholme P, et al. — Brain Research Reviews, 2003

  6. 6. "Bacopa Monnieri Extract: Clinical Studies on Its Cognitive-Enhancing Effects"

    Stough C, et al. — Psychopharmacology, 2001

  7. 7. "Alpha Glycerophosphorylcholine (Alpha-GPC) and Its Effectiveness in Improving Memory and Learning"

    De Jesus Moreno Moreno M — Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2003

  8. 8. "Huperzine-A: A Natural Compound for Memory Improvement and Cognitive Function"

    Wang R, et al. — Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2006

  9. 9. "Ginkgo Biloba Extract: A Review of Its Neuroprotective and Memory-Enhancing Properties"

    Smith JV, Luo Y — Current Alzheimer Research, 2004

  10. 10. "Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Aging: An Analysis of Its Effectiveness in Memory Support"

    Crook TH, et al. — Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1991

  11. 11. "N-Acetyl-L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment"

    Pettegrew JW, et al. — American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000

  12. 12. "St. John's Wort: A Review of Its Cognitive Benefits and Potential Neuroprotective Effects"

    Linde K, et al. — British Medical Journal, 1996

  13. 13. "L-Glutamine's Role in Supporting Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Cognitive Health"

    Häberle J, et al. — Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 2011

  14. 14. "The Cognitive-Enhancing Properties of Bacopa Monnieri in Adult Humans"

    Nathan PJ, et al. — Psychopharmacology, 2004

  15. 15. "Alpha-GPC: A Review of Its Use in Cognitive Disorders and Memory Loss"

    Sigala S, et al. — European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1992

  16. 16. "Huperzine-A: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Loss"

    Xu SS, et al. — Clinical Therapeutics, 1995

  17. 17. "The Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgo Biloba on Cognitive Decline"

    Yang G, et al. — Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2016

  18. 18. "Phosphatidylserine and Its Potential in Treating Cognitive Decline"

    Richter Y, et al. — Advances in Therapy, 2013

  19. 19. "N-Acetyl-L-Carnitine's Role in Supporting Brain Metabolism and Cognitive Health"

    Salvioli G, et al. — International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research, 1994

  20. 20. "St. John's Wort and Cognitive Performance: Clinical Insights"

    Harrer G, et al. — Phytomedicine, 1994

  21. 21. "The Influence of L-Glutamine on Cognitive Performance Under Stress"

    Gleeson M — Journal of Nutrition, 2005

  22. 22. "Bacopa Monnieri and Its Cognitive Benefits in the Aging Brain"

    Calabrese C, et al. — Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2008

  23. 23. "Alpha-GPC's Role in Neuroprotection and Memory Support"

    Parnetti L, et al. — Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2001

  24. 24. "Huperzine-A and Its Effectiveness in Enhancing Memory and Learning"

    Tang XC — Neuroscience Bulletin, 2006

  25. 25. "Ginkgo Biloba and Its Mechanisms for Enhancing Cognitive Function"

    Diamond BJ, et al. — Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 2000

  26. 26. "The Potential of Phosphatidylserine in Treating Memory Impairment"

    Zanotta D, et al. — Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 2014

  27. 27. "N-Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a Neuroprotective Agent for Cognitive Decline"

    Malaguarnera M — Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2012

  28. 28. "The Role of St. John's Wort in Supporting Cognitive Health"

    Wheatley D — Phytomedicine, 1997

  29. 29. "Bacopa Monnieri: A Traditional Herb for Modern Memory Enhancement"

    Russo A, Borrelli F — Neurochemical Research, 2005

  30. 30. "Alpha-GPC and Its Use in Age-Related Cognitive Decline"

    De Jesus Moreno M — Clinical Therapeutics, 2003

  31. 31. "Huperzine-A and Its Neuroprotective Role in Memory Enhancement"

    Bai DL, et al. — Natural Product Reports, 2000

  32. 32. "The Impact of Ginkgo Biloba on Working Memory and Cognitive Performance"

    Kennedy DO, et al. — Human Psychopharmacology, 2002

Our Commitment to Science

At BrainDefender, we believe in transparency and evidence-based formulations. Each ingredient in our supplements has been selected based on scientific research demonstrating its effectiveness for cognitive health and memory support.

We continuously monitor the latest scientific literature to ensure our products reflect the most current understanding of nutritional support for brain health.

Disclaimer

The references provided above are for informational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. BrainDefender products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Individual results may vary. Please consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.